Norway Spruce (picea
abies)
£95p per
running foot
Norway spruce is one of the most important species on the
European Continent. More than 100 forms and varieties
have been named. Although not native to the Western
hemisphere, the species and a number of its varieties are
commonly planted here, particularly in southeastern
Canada and northeastern United States. Originally, a
number of plants were established as ornamentals, with
Christmas tree plantings being established more recently.
It has escaped cultivation in several localities and is
considered naturalized in some of these areas.
In Europe, Norway spruce grows from 130 to 215 feet in
height, but in the United States is seldom more than 130
feet tall. Diameter may reach as much as two feet on
older trees. It is readily identified by its dark green
needles and drooping branchlets. Trees have dark green
crown with a triangular shape. Leaves (needles) are 4-sided
(rectangular in section), 1/2-1 inch long, and sharp or
somewhat blunt at the tip. At the base of each needle is
a twig-like projection (sterigmata) which remains after
the needle is lost. Although sometimes confused with true
firs (Abies), spruces in general have 1) rectangular
rather than flat needles, and 2) cones which hang down
rather than stand erect on the stem. Additionally, spruce
cones fall from the tree after seeds are disseminated,
whereas fir cones disintegrate.
Male and female flowers are found on the same tree and
are produced in late spring. Norway Spruce produces cones
4-7 inches in length, with wedge-shaped scales. These
cones are the largest of any spruce species. Cones mature
in one year and ripen from September to November.
The species has a reddish bark, giving it the nickname of
"red fir", which
The species is adapted to cool, temperate climates.
Growth is best in full sunlight in deep, rich, moist
soils. It is generally shallow-rooted and does not
produce a taproot, thus is subject to being blown over by
wind.
One of the most important pests is the eastern spruce
gall aphid, which lays eggs at the base of partially
developed leaves near the tips of the twigs. A large cone-like
gall develops at this point, beyond which all growth
ceases. The spruce budworm can also cause damage to buds
and foliage, but less so than for white or red spruce.
For Christmas trees, overall color of Norway spruce is
fair to excellent, but needle retention is considered
poor unless the trees are cut fresh and kept properly
watered. Growth during the first 10 years after field
planting is relatively slow and 8 to 11 years are
required to grow a 6-7 foot tree.
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